Low back pain is one of the most common complaints worldwide, but not all back pain is the same. How can we distinguish everyday mechanical pain from warning signs that suggest something more serious? This lecture will guide you through the key “red flags” in lower back assessment – from fractures and infections to neurological conditions and systemic disease. Gain the knowledge to recognize when back pain requires deeper investigation, referral, or urgent care, and sharpen your clinical reasoning with evidence-based insights.